Baseline characteristics
| Full sample (N=206) | PM+/CAU (n=103) | CAU (n=103) | |
| Gender, no of men (%) | 127 (61.7) | 73 (70.9) | 54 (52.4) |
| Age, mean (SD) (range) | 36.52 (11.72) (18–69) | 36.35 (11.97) (18–69) | 36.69 (11.52) (19–67) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Never married | 70 (34.0) | 38 (36.9) | 32 (31.1) |
| Currently married | 99 (48.1) | 51 (49.5) | 48 (46.6) |
| Separated | 4 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) |
| Divorced | 24 (11.7) | 8 (7.8) | 16 (15.5) |
| Widowed | 5 (2.4) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (2.9) |
| Cohabiting | 4 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) |
| Work status | |||
| Paid work | 36 (17.5) | 15 (14.6) | 21 (20.4) |
| Non-paid work | 30 (13.6) | 17 (16.5) | 13 (12.6) |
| Keeping house | 7 (3.4) | 5 (4.9) | 2 (1.9) |
| Retired | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Unemployed | 40 (19.4) | 14 (13.6) | 26 (25.2) |
| Student (including language courses) | 81 (39.3) | 46 (44.7) | 35 (34.0) |
| Other | 10 (4.9) | 5 (4.9) | 5 (4.9) |
| Refugee status, n (%) | |||
| Asylum procedure ongoing | 16 (7.8) | 10 (8.7) | 6 (5.8) |
| Resident permit | 150 (72.8) | 71 (68.9) | 79 (76.7) |
| Dutch citizenship | 26 (12.6) | 13 (12.6) | 13 (12.6) |
| Other | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.9) | 0 |
| Missing | 12 (5.8) | 7 (6.8) | 5 (4.9) |
| Time elapsed (months) since arriving in the Netherlands*, mean (SD) (range) | 44.07 (23.07) (1–113) | 42.22 (23.57) (1–97) | 45.94 (22.53) (2–113) |
| Educational level, n (%) | |||
| No education | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.0) |
| Basic education | 29 (14.1) | 10 (9.7) | 19 (18.4) |
| Technical/vocational secondary | 6 (2.9) | 3 (2.9) | 3 (2.9) |
| Technical diploma | 13 (6.3) | 7 (6.8) | 6 (5.8) |
| Certificate of associate degree | 18 (8.7) | 11 (10.7) | 7 (6.8) |
| General secondary education | 37 (18.0) | 21 (20.4) | 16 (15.5) |
| Bachelor | 82 (39.8) | 41 (39.8) | 41 (39.8) |
| Master | 20 (9.7) | 10 (9.7) | 10 (9.7) |
| PhD | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Depression and anxiety (HSCL-25 total) | 2.36 (0.62) | 2.31 (0.64) | 2.41 (0.61) |
| Depression (HSCL-25 subscale), mean (SD) | 2.43 (0.71) | 2.47 (0.72) | 2.38 (0.70) |
| Probable depression, n (%)† | 142 (68.9) | 66 (64.1) | 76 (73.8) |
| Anxiety (HSCL-25 subscale), mean (SD) | 2.20 (0.64) | 2.16 (0.66) | 2.24 (0.61) |
| Probable anxiety, n (%)‡ | 129 (62.6) | 55 (53.4) | 74 (71.8) |
| PTSD symptoms (PCL-5), mean (SD) | 34.35 (16.89) | 33.13 (17.76) | 35.57 (15.96) |
| Probable PTSD, n (%)§ | 109 (52.9) | 52 (50.5) | 57 (55.3) |
| Functional impairment (WHODAS 2.0), mean (SD) | 29.46 (7.72) | 29.09 (8.07) | 29.84 (7.39) |
| Self-identified problems (PSYCHLOPS), mean (SD) | 15.42 (3.71) | 15.25 (3.74) | 15.58 (3.69) |
| No of traumatic events, mean (SD) (range) | 9.60 (5.08) (0–26) | 9.90 (5.52) (0–26) | 9.30 (4.61) (0–21) |
| PMLD, mean (SD) (range) | 6.95 (3.55) (0–16) | 6.74 (3.59) (0–16) | 7.17 (3.51) (0–15) |
*n=200.
†Based on HSCL-25 depression subscale cut-off ≥2.10.
‡Based on HSCL-25 anxiety subscale cut-off ≥2.00.
§Based on PCL-5 ≥33.
CAU, care as usual; HSCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PM+, Problem Management Plus; PM+/CAU, PM+ in addition to care as usual; PMLD, post-migration living difficulties ; PSYCHLOPS, Psychological Outcomes Profiles; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; WHODAS 2.0, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.